KNOW ABOUT AIDS - 10.0

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Q&A Source: HURINGA

1. While those getting a tattoo, piercing, or scarifications are hypothetically at risk of getting HIV/AIDS, no confirmed cases have been recorded.

A. True

B. False

2. Globally, the most common mode of HIV transmission is sexual intercourse, followed by mother-to-child infection, sharing drug-injecting equipment, and contaminated blood or instruments in health care settings.

A. True

B. False

3. South Africa has more people with HIV than any other country in the world, at 5.9 million. South and Southeast Asia is the second most affected area. This region has around 4 million cases, or 12% of the population. Nearly 2.4 million of these cases are in India.

A. True

B. False

4. Researchers believe that HIV originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo around 1920, when HIV crossed species from chimpanzees to humans.

A. True

B. False

5.  HIV emerged from Africa and spread across the globe in less than 10 years.

A. True

B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

KNOW ABOUT AIDS - 9.0

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1. HIV initially spread in each country a little differently. For example, in Ukraine, drug users were the first to be affected. In the U.S. and U.K., the virus spread through homosexual and bisexual relations, while in sub-Sahara Africa, it spread through heterosexual relations.

A. True

B. False

2. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) helps HIV-positive people lead longer and healthier lives. It also dramatically decreases the risk of transmitting HIV from an infected person to his or her sexual partner.

A. True

B. False

3. States in the southern and northeastern United States report the highest rates of HIV.

A. True

B. False

4. People with HIV have a harder time than healthy individuals recognizing fear in the faces of other. The trouble with emotional recognition may be caused by damage to the brain from the virus.

A. True

B. False

5. Those affected by HIV are more likely to age prematurely. The prevailing theory is that early aging is caused mainly by chronic inflammation caused by HIV even during antiretroviral treatment.

A. True

B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

KNOW ABOUT AIDS - 8.0

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1. Two strains of HIV have been identified: HIV-1 (from the Central Common Chimpanzee) and HIV-2 (from the Sooty Mangabey monkey). HIV-1 is more virulent, more easily transmitted, and is the cause of the vast majority of global HIV infections. HIV-2 is harder to transmit and is mainly confined to West Africa.

A. True

B. False

2. While HIV has been found in saliva, sharing cups or eating utensils has never been shown to spread HIV/AIDS.

A. True

B. False

           

3. The most simple and plausible theory as to how HIV was transmitted from monkeys to humans is called the “Hunter Theory,” or “Bush Meat Theory.” In this scenario, the virus was transmitted in the 1930s from an ape or monkey to a human in Africa when a hunter or bush meat handler was bitten or cut while hunting or butchering an animal. HIV was then transmitted among humans for decades in Africa, mostly via unprotected heterosexual vaginal sex.

           

A. True

B. False

4. Geographically, the worst AIDS epidemic is in sub-Sahara Africa, with approximately 65% of all cases located there. Almost 90% of children with HIV live in sub-Sahara Africa.

A. True

B. False

5. Nearly 90% of the world’s HIV-positive children live in sub-Saharan Africa.

A. True

B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

KNOW ABOUT AIDS - 7.0

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1. For women in their reproductive years (ages 15–49), HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of death globally.

A. True

B. False

2. The earliest known case of infection with HIV-1 in a human was detected in a blood sample collected in 1959 from a man in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

A. True

B. False

           

3. HIV is an abbreviation for human immunodeficiency virus, which is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

A. True

B. False

4. Approximately 3.34 million children are living with HIV. Most of the children live in sub-Saharan Africa and were infected by their HIV-positive mothers during pregnancy, childbirth, or breast feeding. With proper treatment, mother-to-child transmission of HIV is almost 100% avoidable.

A. True

B. False

5. Over 900 children become newly infected with HIV each day globally.

A. True

B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

KNOW ABOUT AIDS - 6.0

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1. Infectious HIV has been recovered from human corpses between 11 and 16 days after death in bodies that have been stored in mortuary temperatures of 2° Celsius. HIV was not detected in bodies after 16 days, suggesting that buried corpses or bodies preserved over time pose less of a risk. Additionally, embalming fluids inactivate HIV.

A. True

B. False

2. Levels of HIV in rectal mucosal secretions in gay men were higher than those in blood or semen—by about 500% in the case of blood and 2500% in the case of semen. Men who have unprotected anal sex and encounter this mucous are at extremely high risk of HIV infection.

A. True

B. False

           

3. People with AIDS are vulnerable to AIDS-defining illnesses and often exhibit the following conditions: 1) Kaposi’s sarcoma, a skin tumor that looks like dark or purple blotches on the skin or mouth, 2) mental changes and headaches caused by tumors or fungal infections in the spinal cord and brain, 3) infections of the lungs that cause difficulty breathing, 4) severe malnutrition, 5) chronic diarrhea, and 6) dementia.

           

A. True

B. False

4. About a month after contracting HIV, some people will develop flu-like symptoms. These symptoms often go away often within a week or month. After this initial response, a person can have HIV for years before feeling ill.

A. True

B. False

5. Globally, HIV disproportionately infects and affects women. Not only are they more likely to be HIV positive, but they are also more likely to bear the burden of care and support.

A. True

B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

KNOW ABOUT AIDS - 5.0

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1. HIV damages a person’s body by destroying specific blood cells, called CD4+T cells, which are vital in helping the body fight the disease.

A. True

B. False

2. A person cannot get HIV from hugging or touching someone with HIV/AIDS; using public bathrooms or swimming pools; sharing cups, utensils, or telephones with someone who has HIV/AIDS; or by bug bites.

A. True

B. False

           

3. HIV can survive in dried blood at room temperature for up to six days or for weeks if wet, such as in used syringes or needles.

           

A. True

B. False

4. HIV is sensitive to high temperatures but not to extreme cold. Experiments have shown that HIV is killed by temperatures over 60° C.

A. True

B. False

5. HIV does not survive as long as other viruses in seawater.

A. True

B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

KNOW ABOUT AIDS - 4.0

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1. In 2011, an estimated 2.5 million people were newly infected with the virus. Approximately, 1.7 million people died. That is 700,000 fewer new infections worldwide than 10 years ago and 600,000 fewer deaths than in 2005.

A. True

B. False

2. By race and ethnicity in the U.S., African Americans face the most severe burden of HIV. In 2010, blacks represented around 12% of the U.S. population but accounted for an estimated 44% of new HIV infections!

A. True

B. False

           

3. Unless the course of the AIDS epidemic changes, it is estimated that at some point in their lifetime, 1 in 16 black men and 1 in 32 black women will be diagnosed with HIV.

           

A. True

B. False

4. HIV is primarily spread through 1) unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, oral) with someone who has HIV, 2) sharing needles or syringes, 3) being born to an infected mother, and 4) blood transfusions.

A. True

B. False

5. It can take 10 years or more for HIV to advance to AIDS.

A. True

B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

KNOW ABOUT AIDS - 3.0

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1. More than 1.1 million people in the U.S. are currently living with an HIV infection.

A. True

B. False

2. Almost 1 in 5 (18.1%) of those living with HIV in the U.S. are unaware of their infection.

A. True

B. False

           

3. Every 9.5 minutes, someone in the U.S. is infected with HIV.

           

A. True

B. False

4. Approximately 50,000 Americans become infected with HIV every year.

A. True

B. False

5. More than 619,000 people with AIDS in the U.S. have died since the epidemic began. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) represent the majority of people who have died.

A. True

B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

KNOW ABOUT AIDS - 2

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1. For many years, China called AIDS the “loving capitalism disease” and claimed it was a disease caused by contact with the West. In 2009, China reported that AIDS had become the country’s leading cause of death among infectious diseases.

A. True

B. False

2. Rock Hudson was the first major Hollywood star to go public with an AIDS diagnosis.

A. True

B. False

           

3. The first major celebrity to go public with an AIDS diagnosis was Rock Hudson on July 25, 1985. He died on October 2, 1985, at the age of 59 in Beverly Hills, California.

           

A. True

B. False

4. A young Swazi girl has a greater than 80% chance of dying from AIDS in her lifetime.

A. True

B. False

5. In Swaziland, the chance of a 15-year-old boy living to 50 years is 28%. For a girl it is just 22%. Before AIDS, it was 92% and 97%, respectively.

A. True

B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

KNOW ABOUT AIDS - 1.0

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1. Globally, 40 million people are infected with AIDS. Approximately 2.1 million of those are under the age of 15.

A. True

B. False

2. HIV is the world’s leading infectious killer. To date, approximately 25 million people have died of AIDS around the world.

A. True

B. False

           

3. French Canadian flight attendant Gaetan Dugas (1953-1984) is notorious for being identified as “patient zero” for AIDS in the U.S. Dugas claims to have had over 2,500 sexual partners across North America. However, some studies dismiss the idea that he was Patient Zero. Instead they claim that he was a part of a cluster of homosexual men who traveled frequently and were extremely sexually active.

A. True

B. False

4. In May 1969, an African American teenager named Robert died from a mystery illness, which was later confirmed to be the first known AIDS death in the USA. That he died in 1969, nearly a decade before the country’s first known cluster of AIDS cases, suggests HIV was introduced and reintroduced several times to the American population. It may have initially died out for lack of a very large, very sexually active population to transmit it.

A. True

B. False

5. Eminent British scientist Professor Roy Anderson modeled the course of the AIDS epidemic and estimates it will take 130 years to work though the global population.

A. True

B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

THE ANTARCTICA ICEBERG - 5.0

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1. Currently the most active volcano in Antarctica and the southernmost active volcano on Earth, the Mt. Erebus volcano features a 1,700-degree Fahrenheit lava lake. 

A. True
B. False

2. Discovered in 1841 by polar explorer Sir James Clark Ross, it was easy to identify Mt. Erebus as a volcano as it was erupting at the time.  

A. True
B. False

3.  Erebus is one of only a few consistently active volcanos in the world. 

A. True
B. False

4.  The time between 1897 and 1922 is known as the Heroic Age of Polar Exploration, a time when both northern and southern polar regions of the globe were visited by humans for the first time.

A. True
B. False

5.  In Antarctica, located on remote Goudier Island on the Antarctic penisula, a former British research base now operates as a modest museum, gift shop, and post office.

A. True
B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

THE ANTARCTICA ICEBERG - 4.0

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1. In Antarctica, the largest is Lake Vostok, which scientists say is over 4,800 square miles of water, and could contain life forms never before seen by humans. 

A. True
B. False

2. The future of Antarctica is probably going to be greener, why because that the warming temperatures are causing moss banks to grow faster. 

A. True
B. False

3.  The wind and glaciers and arid climate make it difficult for plants to take hold, so they occupy just 0.3 percent of the Antarctica continent.

A. True
B. False

4.  Mt. Erebus is in Antarctica.

A. True
B. False

5.  In Greek myth, Erebus was the son of the god Chaos, and his mother was Gaia, or Earth.

A. True
B. False

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Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A

THE ANTARCTICA ICEBERG - 3.0

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1. BLOOD FALLS IS AN ON-AGAIN-OFF-AGAIN flow of red-orange water—striking against Antarctica’s sweeping grayscape—from the toe of Taylor Glacier, not far from McMurdo Station research base.

A. True
B. False

2. The Taylor Glacier is so cold that it really shouldn’t have any liquid water flowing through it at all. 

A. True
B. False

3. Taylor Glacier is now the coldest known glacier to have persistently flowing water.

A. True
B. False

4.  Scientists found that the saltiness of the water (which lowers the freezing temperature) and the latent heat of freezing—which is definitely a thing—helps explain how Blood Falls keeps flowing.

A. True
B. False

5.  The red color in the blood falls comes from iron in the salty water, which is thought to originate from a pocket of brine trapped deep beneath the glacier for more than a million years (and supporting its own, unique microbial ecosystem).

A. True
B. False

Best of luck!

Answers

1 – A, 2 – A, 3 – A, 4 – A, 5 – A